Capture

• Optical sensors illuminate and image the finger
• Capacitive arrays measure charge across the surface
• Ultrasonic waves map structure beneath the skin

Process

• Reduce noise from the raw capture
• Thin ridges and normalize orientation
• Binarize into a clean, high-contrast image

Extract Minutiae

• Locate endings, bifurcations, and short ridges
• Record coordinates, orientation, and type
• Score each point for quality

Store Template

• Convert minutiae into a mathematical template
• Encrypt the template, discard original image
• Keep in secure element or hardware enclave

Match

• Process new scan into a probe template
• Compare against enrolled template by alignment
• Accept when score clears the threshold

Weak Points

• Fake prints can fool some sensors
• Hardware or firmware exploits expose access
• Stolen templates compromise the identity